some useful commands
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esc- enter command mode
inserting text (exits command mode and enters edit mode)
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i - insert before cursor
a - append after cursor
o - start new line below cursor
O - start new line above cursor
deleting text (must be in command mode)
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x - delete character on cursor
dd - delete current line
dw - delete to end of word
moving the cursor (must be in command mode)
-----------------
h j k l - left, down, up, right
^F - forward one screen
^B - backward one screen
^D - down half a screen
^U - up half a screen
w - forward on word
b - backward on word
0 - move to beginning of line
$ - move to end of line
G - move to last line of file
nG - move to nth line
file commands (must be in command mode)
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:w - write (save) file
:w! - write (save) file (force, and ignore permissions)
:x - save and exit
:q - quit
:q! - quit without saving changes
miscellaneous commands (must be in command mode)
----------------------
u - undo
/pattern - search forward for pattern
?pattern - search backward for pattern
:s/old/new/ - substitute new for old on current line (1st occurence only)
:s/old/new/g - substitute new for old on current line (all occurences)
:1,$s/old/new/g - substitute new for all occurences of old
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Some useful Unix commands
=====================
ls -la - file listing of all files, in long format
ls -t - file listing sorted by time stamp
ls -F - file listing, puts a * for executables, @ for symbolic
links, / for directories
passwd - changes your password
date - prints date and time
mv /usr/people/john/file1 /usr/people/mary/file1
- move file1 to new location
mv file1 file2 - rename file1 to file2
mkdir directory - make new directory
cp file1 file2 - copy file1 to file2
rm file1 - remove a file1
rm -r directory - remove directory and all contents in it
rmdir directory - removes an empty directory
file filename - reports on type of file
screen control
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^S - stop output from scrolling off screen
^Q - resume scrolling
^D - send EOF
^C - interupt (terminate) current process
stty -a - list current terminal settings
stty erase '^H' - assigns the erase command to Ctrl-H
C-Shell specific information
----------------------------
To customize your C-shell, edit the file ~/.cshrc
alias ls 'ls -F' - makes an alias command
alias rm 'rm -i' - makes an alias command for interactive removals
unalias ls - unalias the command
echo Hello world - prints 'Hello world' to screen
File searching
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find / -name filename -print
find / -name "*filename*" -print > findresults.txt
find / filename -user thomas -size +2000000 -print
^^^^^^^ size in blocks (1block=512bytes)
find / filename -user thomas -size +1000000c -print
^^^^^^^^ size in characters (1char=1byte)
find / filename -mtime n -print files time stamped less than n days ago
-group groupname files belonging to a specific group
-type d only directories
-type f only files
Creating symbolic links
-----------------------
e.g.
ln -s realfile fakefile
Wild cards
----------
* matches any number of characters
? matches 1 character
Text viewing programs
---------------------
more filename - view contents of filename
tail filename - view last 10 lines of filename
tail -100 filename - view last 100 lines of filename
tail -f filename - view last 10 lines of filename and follow any updates
head filename - view first 10 lines of filename
head -1 filename - view first line of filename
cmp file1 file2 - compare file1 and file2
diff file1 file2 - compare files and report differences line by line
